Thanks to KiwiCo for supporting this episode of SciShow! Head to www.kiwico.com/mlp/SciShow50 to get 50% off your first month of any crate.
Vaccines teach your immune system to recognize pathogens, but sometimes your body needs a bit of a reminder.
Hosted by: Hank Green
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: www.patreon.com/scishow
----------
Huge thanks go to the following Patreon supporters for helping us keep SciShow free for everyone forever:
Silas Emrys, Charles Copley, Drew Hart, Jeffrey Mckishen, James Knight, Christoph Schwanke, Jacob, Matt Curls, Christopher R Boucher, Eric Jensen, Lehel Kovacs, Adam Brainard, Greg, GrowingViolet, Ash, Laura Sanborn, Sam Lutfi, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, charles george, Alex Hackman, Chris Peters, Kevin Bealer
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: scishow
Twitter: scishow
Tumblr: scishow.tumblr.com
Instagram: thescishow
----------
Sources:
www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/vaccines-diseases.html
cmr.asm.org/content/32/2/e00084-18
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4962729/
pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/40/1/26
stm.sciencemag.org/content/10/433/eaao5945
www.cdc.gov/pertussis/about/faqs.html
www.nature.com/articles/s41577-020-00479-7
www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/fulltext/S1931-3128(11)00128-4
link.springer.com/protocol/10.1007/978-1-4939-7762-8_5
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5123673/
www.pnas.org/content/117/30/17720
www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02247/full
www.nature.com/articles/s41577-020-00434-6
www.immunize.org/askexperts/experts_mmr.asp#general
www.cdc.gov/measles/about/faqs.html
www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-cdi3301c.htm
www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/vim.2017.0143
www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html
www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-adolescent.html
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4848602/
www.who.int/biologicals/vaccines/pertussis/en/
pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/144/1/e20183466
www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pertussis/recs-summary.html
www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1199
www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/info-by-product/clinical-considerations.html
investors.modernatx.com/static-files/d427592c-dab4-4715-a568-31207d9832ab
www.cnbc.com/2021/01/14/moderna-looks-to-test-covid-19-booster-shots-a-year-after-initial-vaccination.html
investors.modernatx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/moderna-covid-19-vaccine-retains-neutralizing-activity-against
www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n232
Image Sources:
www.istockphoto.com/photo/talking-about-patients-diagnosis-gm1283161265-380667753
www.istockphoto.com/photo/vaccination-healthcare-concept-hands-of-doctor-or-nurse-in-medical-gloves-injecting-gm1126118968-296314868
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hepatitis_A_virus_01.jpg
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clostridium_tetani.jpg
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papilloma_Virus_(HPV)_EM_(new_version).jpg
www.istockphoto.com/vector/immune-system-gm480156534-68280651
www.istockphoto.com/vector/vaccine-shot-injection-syringe-background-gm1289926784-385462381
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Measles_virus.JPG
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bordetella_pertussis.jpg
www.istockphoto.com/photo/vaccination-to-a-child-gm1057582308-282629269
www.istockphoto.com/vector/vaccine-illustration-with-people-gm1287036245-383352728
www.istockphoto.com/vector/syringe-injection-icon-gm1209677318-350132817
www.istockphoto.com/photo/medical-home-visit-gm1282928823-380516138
Why Only Some Vaccines Need Booster Shots
827 Shikime 84 mijë
Fauci tell you to make a move the goal posts video?? Prep the herd, chattel, for the boosters after July? When they are not free anymore? And to not be fearful and have your fascist papers stamped to move about people will pay for what amounts to being 1% more effective at preventing hospitalization than normal saline. Who really funds you guys??? Gates? You are extremely biased in your presentation of chosen covid19 vac info and glaringly what you fail to mention thats just as important for informed decision making.
Germinal Center aka a public bathroom.
As someone who got Pertussis due to the mentioned need for booster shots, it sucks. Definitely don't recommend getting whooping cough.
Kiwioco looks awesome. best advertisement i ever got on youtube. fitting the content very nicely. thanks :-)
According to my knowledge, it had been saying that Covid-19 transmissible throw droplets 💦, how that happens while we didn't see patients sneezing, is it the droplets when they talk only ?????
Scientists & healthcare workers are truly the heroes of the era. I hope this inspires kids to go into science & medicine.
Question: I live in germany and had the astrazeneka vaccine but I still need the booster shot they said. Now the people up there decided to use a different vaccine as the booster shot? How does that work? I mean, a different vaccine to boost the previous one?
Was wondering the same thing.
Being a former genital warts patient thought I would die with hpv.i'm so grateful to Dr.Osaoji on youtube for the permanent eradication
These days all eyes are on Science channels that delivers the latest info from scientists who in turn are under huge pressure. XD.. I even know some people who aren't interested in Science at all started to watch science channels to get informed.
OH HOLY FATHER OF MEDICINE PLEASE BAPTISE ME IN THE LAKE OF IMMUNITY AND WHISPER THE SACRED OATH OF THE GERM THEORY SO THAT I MAY MEET MY FAMILY AND OBTAIN WEALTH.
I've learned that we don't know much about immunology. That's one of those things I definitely thought someone else was sure of. Question I've always wondered about, it might be unanswerable but: is there a maximum number of diseases we can have antibodies for? Like books on a shelf, even a really big book shelf eventually fills up, and we need to take one off to fit another on. It makes sense to me that the human immune system would work in a similar way (though of course it might not, which is why I'm asking!). Is our bookshelf of antibodies ever expanding/infinite? It makes sense to me too that books we don't read often/ever would fall off the shelf on their own, which explains the need for boosters. But how does getting the flu shot every year impact this? I know that getting a new flu shot doesn't push the measles book off the shelf, but why not? Do flu vaccines naturally fall off the shelf on their own in 3-5 years, making this not so important? How does the measles vaccine stay on my bookshelf permanently, while tetanus only lasts 5-10 years? I am so curious, please someone teach me.
The best one-shots are the 360-no-scopes... To the head. According to FPS Doug
SubhanAllah (Glorified and Exalted is Allah)
Thank you for all your amazing science communication over the years. We need it now more than ever!
I also have a four year old and haven l been thinking about doing the kiwi co thing for a while now
So, given that the flus are generally described in the form of H#N# based on their antigens (unless I'm way off base about that part), and I don't know of any going above like 14 or so for either number, that'd be a total of, uh, about 200 possible variants, right? At least as far as antigens are concerned. I'd assume some just don't work, so cut the number down to, say, 150 or so we might actually encounter. So, how long does immunity to a particular strain last after the vaccine? If it's, like, a decade or more, surely we could make a vaccine for each one (or rather, like what we've got each year, cocktails containing vaccines for anywhere from 3 to 15-ish strains) and just give people immunity to all of them in a rotating cycle of yearly shots (say, one year a shot with all of the H1N(whatever) strains plus a few of the H12 strains because, say, H1N14 can't exist - and then all of the viable H2 strains and a few H13s the next, etc), rather than having to figure out which ones are most prevalent for each year and target those. If enough people got that full immunity for enough time, wouldn't that almost stamp out the flu in general?
Look up the SciShow vid on the flu vaccine! From a Few years ago. Some of your questions will be answered.
I think it's not even ALL the antigens, though. One H1N1 can have antigens that are just different enough from another H1N1. Influenza mutates so much, it's not even about existing strains, but new mutations each year. There is work being done on developing universal, one-shot flu vaccines, though. I think they target parts of the virus that mutate much less frequently. I haven't looked recently, but I'd imagine they're within decades, at most.
I was always fully vaccinate but when I was 12, I still came down with measles. It was horrible! The truly scary thing for me was knowing that the single shot I received as a toddler, likely made the disease much less serious than it would have been otherwise. I have the unlucky distinction of being one of the kids who helped teach the medical establishment that a booster shot was required for measles and many other immunizations. You're welcome
1989 spring break, senior year in college, I remember well. I didn't become I'll, but many from my campus did...it was a mini premier to 2020 in fact. Because the medical establishment had switched to a different vaccine and vaccination schedule when I was young. Therefore, a few years later, I had to get reimmunized before I could enroll in grad school...a 3 shot regimen.
I had Covid last year really badly but recovered. I got my very first shot of Moderna a few days ago and became aggressively sick. I'm reading things about how Covid survivors are already primed against the virus, so the first shot of the vaccine is affecting them the way the second shot does for most people and that two shots may be unnecessary for this group. This would free up thousands of doses for others that need two shots and increase vaccine supply. Anyone have any input on this? I'm genuinely seeking feedback or answers. I'm not against getting the second shot or anything, but this early research seems interesting and could benefit everyone it seems. I wouldn't want a shot wasted on me that could go to someone else.
You should definitely follow the recommendations, science takes time, and better not to waste the first shot by NOT completing the series.
French Canadian here 💋 🇨🇦 I am pretty good at English but sometimes I feel stupid that I didn’t learned anything about diseases... Rougeole, and Coqueluche are the unrelated french word unlike plants animals countries and planets 🪐 the names of the English counterparts are somehow unrelated or unlearned for me
Comment for the Algorithm Gods!!!
All for vaccines, but I think I've had multiple lifetimes worth of anthrax boosters. I love having vaccines for things I may never encounter, but being jabbed with that one is less fun then a root canal with a blow torch sans anesthesia.
I wish I didn't see reflections off the host's glasses.
What about the individual does this also play a part in the booster shots? I recall I didn't need many boosters well as well as my siblings. I heard that when I was a kid got measles twice this was in the 70s, what was that about in my old school grammar school in the USA.
Anti-vaxxers: boosters? Not so fast.
Is there any hope for a delivery system that does not involve shots? Like, could we make a pill that one takes every day for a few weeks and then thry would have the same immune strength against the disease as someone who had the shot?
Immunology is crap. This comment was brought to you by oncology gang.
Can u guys do a video on why there are vaccines for chicken pox and shingles but none for EBV or HSV-I/II?
The herpes virus has more complicated DNA than most infections and has ways to go undetected by our immune system, much like many cancer cells do.
It all depends on how much big pharma can get for it. It is like paid dlc for your body.
Fiddle-dee-dee! That will require a tetanus shot!
Here is something I've always wondered. Why are lab results different by lab?
Video: *Science* Disliker: *Laughs in Antivaxx*
Do they know if we need a booster for smallpox?
Whether you're a car guy or a health guy: always choose BOOST if it's an option.
I like the way you think!
🤣 my husband would agree with you
I get sick like 30 times a year. Even had covid for 2 months (going to 3) I just got a really bad immune system. On top of that, I'm super allergic to some vaccines... so all of this yearly/monthly new shots stuff is pretty scary to me. Shame how we can't just get 1 shot that works for a really long time.
I think I'm the exact opposite of you. Seriously, what's the problem with you Americans? We Asian almost NEVER get sick!
I really hoped you would answer the question about why a vaccine like the AstroZenika CV19 vaccine needs a booster but the Johnson & Johnson vaccine does not even though they are both viral vector vaccines. It would be easier for me to understand why if one of them for instance was an mRNA vaccine but they are not, and they both have similar efficacy rates. It might have something to do with what virus is used as the vector as I would guess the genetic information they are delivering would be almost the same if not exactly the same. My guess is that there is no real difference and it was just that one company focused their clinical trials on one-shot vaccines while the other did booster trials and so after they needed to do the same
alfirst.info/load/iqOBm4exY8-deH0/video
Excellent video. Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video. Many thanks for the many links to the sources.
It's like asking why an antivirus program for someone's Amiga wouldn't be much use on Windows 10 today, it's just not up to date... :P
Cause sometimes your immune system needs a reminder.
Had no idea he was a father. 3-25-22
@Master Sri Akarshana funny, I literally was watching a video on bitcoins when I read your reply. 3-26-21
Boosters are an important part of the vaccine conversation I don't think doesn't get addressed enough. We're always talking about getting our kids vaccinated-but not many adults get their boosters.
The same reason why we update iOS.
So, I was hospitalized antepartum with my 3rd child at age 33. I know my mom had me fully vaxed as a kid. My titer for measles required me to get another shot. BUT... at the age of 30 I had a splenectomy... should I get titers for all childhood vaccines since you said they hang out in the spleen?
@Jackie yup, I agree but the amazing US health system has me without health insurance right now and if I go to the dr then it will cost $300+ just for my general practitioner/family dr. I can just imagine how much a specialist costs. I was educated in 2013 after the removal that I would always have a weaker immune system and all that, but they did not discuss the vaccine issue
You should consult your doctor about this instead.
Congratulations on being a dad, albeit belated somewhat....
If we don't get booster shots, Bill Gates' microchips will dissolve and our memories can't be transmitted to the Lizardman Illuminati.
W/H/A/T/S/A/P/P +1/8/0/4/3/2/2/9/4/0/9 I/N/V/E/S/T IN B/T/C AND E/T/H
Scishow provide better information than the news media and without instilling fear in the public
2:43 that's me on right
What happens if your health insurance won't pay for the jab? How much then will it cost you? What about those that can't afford health insurance? Are they left to die in the good old US of A? In England all is free.
Vaccines are now administered at pharmacies where you can book an appointment yourself and pick what you want. Their are laws that keep vaccines affordable with the exception of ones that are voluntary such as rabies, Hep A, hep b, and the ones for diseases you might get on other countries (I.e. yellow fever)
Depends on the vaccine and your age. For COVID-19, tho, vaccines are free in America no matter your age.
Vaccines are typically not that expensive, with a few exceptions like HPV and rabies.
What about the polio vaccines.
Can you do a video on why some people don’t develop immunity when given certain vaccines? Like the hepatitis B vaccine for example.
I think that undershirt need a booster shot. Its looking a little flush :P JK
I can personally attest to the necessity of boosters. I was vaccinated for Whooping cough but managed to catch it literally months before my booster
Vaccines are made by giving animals disease and watching them suffer. They shouldnt make them its better for the sick to die. They wont refuse medicine scientists need to stop making medicine so sick people cant use it when theyre dying.
the whooping cough vaccine causes the whooping cough and why i wont get the tetanus vaccine unless it goes into my back because it has the whooping cough in it other wise for getting the tetanus shot and then getting the whooping cough from it posting about it online might make it so you get some money from the government i heard others doing that i think whooping cough got added to the side effect list as well
I haven't been to the doctor for well over 10 years....
Billions of years of chemicals evolving to fight one another created all of this. Just crazy...
واحد للخوارزمية
Fun fact:As a foster kid in the early 80's changing case workers and foster families would require me to go get school vaccinations before every school year started, so I think I got them every year from preschool to fourth grade when I was adopted 😀
Yeah. We have gotten better at protecting against covid 19. Mostly by weaponizing MeToo against the governor sticking the sick in old folks' homes, where over 80% of the state's deaths came from.
CORRESPOND TO MY ADMIN. W.H.A,-SA-AP. FOR MORE GAINING IN CRYPTO. +1. (. 8. 0. 4. ). 3. 2. 2. 9. 4. 0. 9.
Not a vaccine, but gene therapy.
No genes are changed.
Booster shots are an outright scam. It's just a way these companies scam the government into buying twice as much. None of the current 2 shot vaccines were tested to see if 1 shot was effective because they wouldn't be as profitable if 1 shot was effective. J+J were forced to admit their vaccine only requires 1 shot because they were late and needed a selling point in order to compete. Don't put blind faith in "scientists" when those "scientists" are literally employed to make sure the company they work for makes money.
CORRESPOND TO MY ADMIN. W.H.A,-SA-AP. FOR MORE GAINING IN CRYPTO. +1. (. 8. 0. 4. ). 3. 2. 2. 9. 4. 0. 9.
Move to a developing world country and get the AstraZeneca vaccine. This vaccine produced by Oxford University and AstraZeneca will be available on a non-profit basis “in perpetuity” to low- and middle-income countries in the developing world.
I had all three Hepatitis B shots and was tested 6 months later and I was showed to be immune. However, two years later the tests should I was no longer immune and need another shot.
In very simple terms. Vaccines are like reinforcements at the front of a war to help overcome an enemy. Don't listen to conspiracy theories, they are usually made by very stupid and ignorant people.
CORRESPOND TO MY ADMIN. W.H.A,-SA-AP. FOR MORE GAINING IN CRYPTO. +1. (. 8. 0. 4. ). 3. 2. 2. 9. 4. 0. 9.
I literally just got a tetanus shot yesterday after not having one for ~15 and this pops up.
I just got my tetanus/diphtheria/pertussis vaccine on Monday. The pharmacist told me that I was due and I said, "I can't be!" I pulled out the handy card that I keep in my wallet with my family's tetanus vaccination dates. Me: 2008 - Doh!
WHAT IS HAPPENING TO THE BRAINS OF THE VACCINATED ?
@Molly Collins Study Pineal facts.
@mark wiedle are you trying to do a Google search? Or are you a dumb bot? Or just a really dumb antivaxxer? Or both?
@Molly Collins Study facts Pineal.
@mark wiedle ...what about it? Are you one of those people that somehow stupidly believe that infrared thermometers can "damage" the pineal? It's deep in the brain, if vaccines don't cross the BBB, it won't effect it. Do you even know what it does or do you just spout nonsense in partial sentences?
@Molly Collins STUDY PINEAL
what bs
vaccines are genocide
Against viruses/bacteria.
At last no M for S sponsorship, it gets a like just for that.
@Master Sri Akarshana F
81st
What if you are routinely exposed to something that requires booster shots? I would assume that your body fighting the same thing daily would be far more effective than any additional vaccines.
Natural infection doesn't always lead to the body making anti-bodies, this is the case with a lot of STIs especially. Natural immunization also doesn't always last very long, covid vaccines lead to longer lasting immunity than natural infections it seems. Some people have gotten seriously ill from covid just 6 months after they had it for the first time.
Just got my 2nd Moderna shot today.
I got my J&J single dose shot today Currently I have chills and a bit of a headache. But it’s not as bad when I contracted Covid a few months ago.
How are you feeling? Any side effects? I am scheduled for mine in mid-April.
👍
Congrats!
I wouldn’t be surprise if in a few months the Pfizer and moderna vaccine are reduced to be a single shot and the second shot substituted for a variant shot
@whesley hynes ummm... ok.
@Ddub1083 the medical field is about giving animals toxic chemicals and disease. Should be destroyed so people cant use it when theyre sick and dying. I dont blame sick people though i blame doctors and scientists theyre all dr.mengele.
ummm they got FDA clearance for a 2 stage shot... their vaccines are not going to later change to another modality. That would require repeating all the testing and regulatory stuff with a single shot instead of 2. They cannot just change it to 1 shot because everything they based their FDA approval on was with 2 shots.
so the thing you have to remember, is that these covid shots are unique among vaccines. They are the first mRNA vaccines ever used on a global scale. We think they work pretty well, bu we don't know for a fact. so likely, until we learn all we can about the disease and its variants, we won't know if one dose will do it or not.
Nope not taking anyy
Without a tetanus vaccine you can die or become permanently handicapped from a small cut.
That makes you a Guinea pig for the placebo or control group that everyone will point to later when showing what happened to the unvaccinated. I hope you switch groups before becoming a posthumous warning to the rest of us. Otherwise thank you for your sacrifice in the name of science.
Been watching guitar videos all day and my reaction is ALWAYS boost. Tube Screamer has to say on all the time, what are you kidding me? You'll never get the right Les Paul sound if the boost is off.
You mean a three stage sterile saline spray salution vaccine delivery system would work great?!?
I need a rabies booster.
Thank you SciShow for delivering such quality information in difficult times. You guys are AWESOME.
@Rick Kwitkoski The 2019 measles outbreak occurred in Clark County, just south of Seattle, where measles vaccine uptake was estimated to be as low as 78%, compared with an estimated national average of 94%. Scientists estimate at least 90% of a population must be vaccinated against measles to create herd immunity.
@Tard van de clunt productions The 2019 measles outbreak occurred in Clark County, just south of Seattle, where measles vaccine uptake was estimated to be as low as 78%, compared with an estimated national average of 94%. Scientists estimate at least 90% of a population must be vaccinated against measles to create herd immunity.
@Tard van de clunt productions the CDC Adults Adults who do not have presumptive evidence of immunity should get at least one dose of MMR vaccine. Certain adults may need 2 doses. Adults who are going to be in a setting that poses a high risk for measles or mumps transmission should make sure they have had two doses separated by at least 28 days. These adults include students at post-high school education institutions healthcare personnel international travelers i am fighting to get the polio vaccine i am at risk for polio and no so called doctor in america seems to care
@Tard van de clunt productions i posted the links but youtube must of gotten rid of them i am able to give the information in the links again lets start with this Measles Shots Aren't Just For Kids: Many Adults Could Use A Booster Too Measles, a disease long thought eliminated from the Western Hemisphere, re-emerged in Washington state in early 2019 -- 72 people were infected, 61 of whom were unvaccinated. A new analysis just published in The American Academy of Pediatrics finds that the outbreak was not only harmful to the individual health of dozens, it cost society an estimated $3.4 million. "A disease like measles is so serious because it is so contagious. Some of the greatest costs come from the public health response and contact-tracing efforts," Dr. Blythe Adamson, an infectious disease epidemiologist and economist and affiliate professor at University of Washington, told ABC News. nothing lasts forever remember that so prove to me that a measles vaccine from childhood somehow lasts forever other countries have a different time line but every adult in their country gets to get boosters so why not americans also an idiot like you probably got the chickenpox shot did you know that the chickenpox shot never supposed to make it so you never get the chickenpox but to lessen the blow without a booster to that death way more likely to happen because the chickenpox are in your system and nothing to soften the blow when it happens and people who get the chickenpox shot already get the chickenpox at a deadly age the older somebody is the more deadly it becomes my brother is a neurologist major got his doctor about a year or two ago and he told me the chickenpox vaccine never meant to prevent chickenpox and surprised that anybody thinks that
@jj Carvin You lost me already at the first line. Also "saved link to" yet don't share. Good job
THE COVID- VACCINES FORCE START PRODUCTION OF THE VERY PROTEIN NEEDED BY THE COVID VIRUS TO ATTACH ITS SELF, IN ORDER TO ENTER OUR BLOOD CELLS AND AS SOON AS THE VIRUS IS INSIDE IT BEGINGS TO MASS RE-PRODUCE ITS SELF CREATING COPIES OF ITS SELF TO THE POINT IT OVER TAKES OUR GENE CODE AND AS SOON AS INFECTION BEGINS NOTHING CAN STOP IT⏪⏪⏪⏪ ➡➡➡➡if your body isn't producing the gene protein the Covid-virus needs then it has nothing to attach its self to and it is flush out within a few day at most a few weeks depending on the Strand of Virus you came into contact with.....⬅⬅⬅⬅ ⏩⏩⏩The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, which is a key molecule the virus uses to infect cells⏪⏪⏪ The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines use the same basic technology, known as mRNA, to provide the genetic code our cells need to produce the antibodies. These vaccines essentially teach our cells how to make a protein that prompts an immune response without using the live virus that causes COVID-19.⬅⬅⬅this is why you can't sue them because you can't get the virus from the vaccine, BUT WHAT THEY DONT TELL YOU IS YOU CAN GET THE VIRUS OUNCE YOUR BODY STARTS TO PRODUCE THE SPIKE PROTEIN,the vaccine is the very thing that triggers your body to start producing the protein⬅⬅⬅
@Pearl * Tears Is what you copied and pasted any different than what I just told you in my own words? Nope! And it does not support your contention that more ACE2 receptors are produced. The protein pieces referred to are spike proteins. You conveniently left out the first paragraph ahead of what you copied, which is... "COVID-19 mRNA vaccines give instructions for our cells to make a harmless piece of what is called the “spike protein.” The spike protein is found on the surface of the virus that causes COVID-19."
@cloudpoint then search....( how does the mRNA Vaccine work?) that's as simple as it gets.... First answer to pop up for me says... COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are given in the upper arm muscle. Once the instructions (mRNA) are inside the immune cells, the cells use them to make the protein piece. After the protein piece is made, the cell breaks down the instructions and gets rid of them. Next, the cell displays the protein piece on its surface.
@Pearl * Tears I tried searching for "Does the mRNA vaccine make your body start producing ACE2 Receptors?" but found no hits with a yes answer. Let’s simplify this a lot. Let’s say you have a cell that makes hemoglobin, a protein needed in your red blood cells to carry oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs. This cell exists in your bone marrow. If that hemoglobin-making cell senses that a need exists for more hemoglobin, its DNA kicks off the process by releasing mRNA from the nucleus into the surrounding cytoplasm of the cell (which is outside the nucleus). In the cytoplasm permanent rRNA (a chain of molecules) interacts with the temporary mRNA (another chain) to create and release the desired protein. In the case of hemoglobin the protein is retained and the cell becomes a red blood cell but other proteins can just be secreted from cell ‘pores’ (vesicles) for use elsewhere. If a scientist wishes, artificial mRNA can be introduced to any cell (to an arm muscle cell using a needle and something else to help it get inside the cell, for example). The same cell will now make another protein on a one-off basis instead of the usual protein, like a SAR-CoV-2 spike protein. It will be secreted from the cell like any other protein. In the case of an artificial spike protein, your immune system looks at it and puzzles over it for a while. It decides it is foreign and doesn’t belong there. It uses B cells to make antibodies that can grab and hold the protein safely until killer T cells can dispose of it. It remembers that these antibodies go with that spike protein. When the real virus comes along, it has antibodies ready to use, and it locks on the spikes so it can’t do anything bad, like enter a cell using an ACE2 receptor on the cell. Again killer T cells dispose of it. Yes, ACE2 is a protein. It is found on the surface of many human cells (but not all cells). ACE2 receptors are highly abundant in the lungs. An ACE2 receptor kind of chews up material the cell wants to bring in, but has other purposes. So it is necessary. The virus exploits the existence of the ACE2 receptors to make a pathway in, by pushing its spike protein into the receptor, and holding on. It disrupts the normal workings of the ACE2 receptors while doing so. Once the entrance pathway is made (in one of two ways), the virus doesn’t need its spike protein anymore, or much else it arrived with - just the RNA matters. See video here: www.cas.org/blog/covid-19-spike-protein
Are you talking of stuff like that?: "Apeiron Biologics, a company based in Austria, is trying to offer the virus more ACE2 to bind with, in hopes that the flood will confuse the virus."
@Bob Bobber type it in any search you want.....( does the mRNA vaccine make your body start producing ACE2 Receptors?) YOU'LL BE OVERWHELMED WITH INFO saying Yes
just want to thank you guys for giving your best to be informative and truthful since I am trusting you on most the info you give about covid (I should research myself more)
Awwww, you really know he loves his kid when he's just looking for excuses to hang out this them :)
Spoilers! lol
Id be happy to get a boster every week till i become a significant percentage of vaccine if it means i can eat lunch with a friend in the same room
🎵Sweet dreams are made by the CDC, who are we to disagree?...🎵
If things can become any semblance of normal, ill do it once a week. This year has screwed me up
I have a question so if you already have one of these diseases and you get vaccinated will you be able to get over the disease?
@Helium Valentine You are correct for rabies. The rabies virus propagates slowly in the nervous system of the infected host so a rabies vaccine can prevent infection from progressing if you are quick about it. SARS-CoV-2 is entrenched by the time you even know you are infected - in 3 to 6 days - while COVID-19 vaccines take one to three weeks to significantly protect. Rabies - “In people, the incubation period (the time between initial contact with the virus and onset of the disease) generally ranges from two to eight weeks. In rare cases, it can vary from 10 days to 2 years. The incubation period is shorter in children and in people exposed to a large dose of the rabies virus.” - OSH Answers Fact Sheets
Some instances it can help. For rabies, if youve already started showing symptoms, you'll still be given the vax and mortality goes to something like 50/50, vs like 99.9% chance of death if no vaccine given. (If you get bit by a rabid animal and immediately get a vac before showing symptoms, survival is 100%. )
@Joseph Reed I answered hypothetically.
@cloudpoint I was just speaking hypothetically
@Emma Skovgård “A therapeutic vaccine is a vaccine which is administered after a disease or infection has already occurred. A therapeutic vaccine works by activating the immune system of a patient to fight an infection.” - Wiki It’s a bit of an oxymoron like bittersweet. It’s really an injected therapy and not a vaccine since it does not protect. Like cancer medicine that’s delivered using vaccine technology, it is really immunotherapy. In the case of herpes vaccine, I think the goal is to introduce a modified version of the herpes virus that won’t hide from your immune system. Your immune system will see this modified virus and create antibodies that can control the virus that normally hides away in nerve cells or neurons. I might be oversimplifying. But it is kind of a special case.
Oh, I thought this was going to explain why/how the Moderna & Phyzer vaccines require a 2nd booster shot while the Johnson & Johnson does not require a booster.
I don't trust J & J anything The more I think about the Tylenol poisoning the more I think it was a ploy on their part and not a mystery person
the J&J vaccine is an old-fashioned viral vector vaccine unlike Moderna's & Phyzer's so that might have something to do with it. But another vaccine from AstroZenika is also a viral vector vaccine but requires a booster after which to me is really weird. It might have something to do with the virus they use the vector for delivering the CV-19 genetic material but I don't think so. My best guess right now is that J&J simply choose to focus on one-shot vaccines in their clinical trials to give them an advantage compared to mRNA vaccines as they knew their efficacy would be lower and AstroZenika didn't make that choice and now that their trials are done they just have to do what they did in their trials which for them is using boosters even though you actually might only need one viral vector vaccine as the J&J clinical trials proved. However, the mRNA vaccine studies showed a booster raised efficacy from 60% to 95%. Why a viral vector booster vaccine for the CV-19 virus wouldn't do the same I don't really know.
it does, indirectly. you can apply the information provided here to the different cov19 vaccines
Israel and Navajo Nation are showing signs that post-covid world exist
No idea
The main thing I took from this is that Orin is four. Kinda knew the rest of it already (well, understood, didn't know about Moderna planning to test boosters in July), but that last bit in the sponsor section surprised me. Thought he was like two. Can you tell I'm not good with time? 😅 Still, great vid. Watch SciShow like clockwork cause even if I already know or understand something I usually learn something new. You guys are really good at translating Science in ways that we can easily understand, cheers. (Felt the need to add a bit about the video cause I went on a tangent :P)
My biggest question is: Why are vaccines more effective against COVID than actually contracting the infection???
@Olaf Sigurson Maybe infiltration wasn't the right word for it, I didn't mean cell entry. I meant the virus passes the epithelial lining and gets into the extracellular fluid. IgM and IgG will only work their magic there, not before that. Hence the virus can linger in your mucus for days or weeks. IgA is the only antibody that can be secreted into the mucus, but the vaccine delivery method of injection doesn't encourage IgA class switching.
@100% Errno Not sure I understand. These antibodies the cells make(with the vaccine), they don't get inside any cells neither. And there is far less than when you get a real infection.
Because antibodies unfortunately don't jump out of your system to catch every virus particle. They need to actually get inside for that. As most vaccines are given systemically, the natural focus is on systemic immunity. The sharp rise in IgM and IgG antibodies is great, but you'd need local IgA antibodies for strong mucosal immune protection like in your upper airways. Current evidence on IgA secretion in mucus after vaccination is pretty limited. As a lil' metaphor: a burglar can hang out on your porch all day (mucus), but would get Home Alone'd breaking in (infiltration).
So why is the Johnson vaccine 1 shot? I am very disappointed this was not addressed. Same disease, but some (most) have booster but not all. How could you leave that out?
@Marijn v.d.Sterre I might be pulling out of my ass. Since J&J can prove in the final clinical trials that their vaccine has a pretty good efficacy rate (especially so for preventing death and minimize hospitalization need) in a single shot AND is much easier to store and transport, then it had given them an edge over their competitors, who are already ahead in the vaccine race. They probably have a ballpark figure and data on the efficacy of single or more shots during the initial phases of the testing, and might have decided to conduct the single shot for the final trial for such reason.
@Marijn v.d.Sterre it’s also worth noting that there are a LOT more vaccines in circulation worldwide than just the five discussed in this thread (the two mRNA vaccines, AstraZeneca, Sputnik V, and Janssen); many of them, like Sputnik V and Janssen, are single shot vaccinations. (It’s long been the preference to have vaccines be single dose, because you get the best guaranteed coverage that way.) Also, I wouldn’t fret too much about the differences in efficacy between the shots, unless that’s a subject you’re really familiar with. You can’t compare the vaccines directly against each other for a lot of reasons-including the really simple facts that the clinical trials were at different times, against different variants, and that tested different things.
@100% Errno Now it all starts to add up. My thanks again. And have a great day!
@Marijn v.d.Sterre Damn, didn't even notice they didn't use the word vector. But yeah, vector is another word for carrier. In this case it's an adenovirus carrying the Spike protein DNA inside the cell. Flu shots mostly are inactivated vaccines. Basically they grow influenzavirus in eggs, isolate the virus, inactivate them with formaldehyde, and use that as antigen. A switch to mRNA vaccines could make this faster. You're right in that vector vaccines wouldn't be great for yearly shots. At least in theory, the double dose now seems to work remarkably well. You can be immune to adenoviruses, but they pick rare subtypes so very few people have pre-existing immunity. If you do, the vaccine might not work as well, or at all. It's generally assumed that those few people aren't going to significantly affect herd immunity.
@100% Errno I just watched it and there is no mentioning vectors. So that didn't clear much up about that. Unless vector means the type of Adenovirus used. And since you of course can get immunity for that type of Adenovirus does that mean flu shots don't use that system? Since people can get that every year. And are they using Adenovirusses never used before or else there would be the risk of people already being immune. And can't some people just got that virus and be immune that way? Sorry lot's of questions popped up ^^
I don’t have Kids. Can I get KiwiCo for all my mice?
Why don't animals like insects don't have adaptive immune systems
CORRESPOND TO MY ADMIN. W.H.A,-SA-AP. FOR MORE GAINING IN CRYPTO. +1. (. 8. 0. 4. ). 3. 2. 2. 9. 4. 0. 9...
Great one
Still very strange. Would've never guessed.
@Master Sri Akarshana Thanks, guys. Strangest stuff.
Most who get infected with civic don't get it again
Does the Gardasil shot need a booster?
Yes, it's recommended, I had to get at least, 2, might have been 3.
My experience with the measles is interesting. I was born in 1959 and didn't get vaccinated because it wasn't a thing then. As a result I got the measles and the mumps, not once or twice but three times each. Although the last measles could have been rubella but the Dr wasn't clear on that. I remember that my mum who was a nurse saying that if got the measles and the mumps you shouldn't get it again, well I'm the exception to the rule.
Wrong the mumps completely normal the Simpsons also talked about that and the vaccine lessens mumps and some people cause others mumps or mono (happened with my sister she carried it but high immune system in my family) her friends got sick with mono she never showed signs Chickenpox that vaccine never meant to stop them it causes people to get them at deadlier ages The measles vaccine gets needed for everybody the moment the unvaccination rate drops under 90% the scientists say the measles outbreak happens then Some places already got this problem and they refuse to give adults boosters in America The mumps and measles 2 completely different things the measles look like chickenpox but worse
i've got the mumps late 90s. went to the doctor and he replied "this normally does not exist no more"!! 3 weeks later the other side of my neck and face got the mumps to! Suffered hard !! Guess never got vaccinated for this then!
it is seen that people born then already immune because they probably already got the measles or their body might be naturally immune
@John Cran I'm a bit older than you and also got measles before the vaccine was a thing. I got it December 1961. It spoiled my Grade 1 Christmas vacay and my sister broke my train while I was sick! Anyway, we all got sick. Several years later new little siblings got the measles. We older ones did NOT get it again, not even a touch. So, whatever happened with you does not a thing make. Trends and statistics are what are looked at and not individual cases. Just because someone gets or does not get something does not mean that everyone else will react the same way. Sorry for your childhood diseases. But the vaccines that have been developed in the ensuing years have SAVED so many people. The Anti-Vax nutbars have no idea because they don't have the experience. And the ones that claim vaccine injury... well, that MAY be true. But it is absolutely NOT going to be true for the vast majority of people. Getting the disease is going to be MUCH worse!
@Rikajael the first time might not have been chickenpox.
If they were all that concerned, they would supply us all with full body condoms. Just sayin. duh.
I was literally thinking this myself like one day ago I think
Screw your "vaccines" scam propaganda.
CORRESPOND TO MY ADMIN. W.H.A,-SA-AP. FOR MORE GAINING IN CRYPTO. +1. (. 8. 0. 4. ). 3. 2. 2. 9. 4. 0. 9...
Too early
"Why do I need a booster for a vaccine I got already?" Think of like a firmware update. Sometimes you need a new version of the same vaccine because viruses are always trying to adapt to us and our defenses. Would you refuse a newer patch of your antivirus software just because you already installed the basic version you bought at target ten years ago?
Great analogy
@cloudpoint Exactly. I've tried to explain to my mom that is nearly impossible for someone that doesn't know what they're doing to damage something. If your shits all backed up, even the most egregious of fuckups will only cost you time and patience.
@kindlin Messing with a computer’s firmware is probably the only way to brick a computer. But it’s not as risky to do with the newest computers that automate the update process and allow to revert.
@cloudpoint I think firmware was a bad example/misspeak. Firmware is very important to your system, and anything gone wrong has serious consequences. Worst thing for a _software update_ is you have to revert to a previous version.
A booster is the same vaccine... it is not updated nor is it a new version. Its less about "updating" your protection and more about "reinforcing" that protection. A better analogy I think would be a second coat of paint... its the same paint, but the second coat (combined with the first coat) provides better coverage.
IMHO, I wouldn't be the least bit surprised that we will need a yearly shot for covid like we do for the flu, which I have no problem with.
Not likely. The type of virus is very different. flu has complicated shape and which changes. The sars is a more simple structure which is why it was known a vaccine would be possible when covid 19 was discovered.
Awesome, thanks scishow
Hey I'm kinda early
Ikr?
Too early, we're not open yet.